Scientific Thought is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to exploring the intersection of biosciences, applied science, and scientific methodology. Published by ELEVATE EDUCATIONAL & RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED, the journal highlights innovative research in biotechnology, medicine, environmental sciences, and technology, with a focus on how scientific thinking drives practical applications and societal advancements. It provides a platform for interdisciplinary studies and critical examination of the ethical and technological implications of scientific innovations.
ELEVATE EDUCATIONAL & RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLOUD-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING SCALABILITY AND COST EFFICIENCY IN HEALTHCARE DATA MANAGEMENT
The rapid growth of healthcare data has created significant challenges for traditional on-premises data management infrastructures, necessitating the adoption of more scalable and cost-efficient technological solutions. This study investigates the effectiveness of cloud-based platforms in addressing scalability, performance, and cost efficiency requirements in healthcare data management systems. A mixed-methods experimental design was employed, combining quantitative performance evaluation with qualitative insights into security, interoperability, and operational considerations. Comparative experiments were conducted between on-premises and cloud-based deployments using heterogeneous healthcare datasets and varying workload intensities. The results demonstrate that cloud-based architectures achieve markedly lower response times, higher throughput, and improved system availability under increasing user and data loads. Cost analysis reveals substantial reductions in total cost of ownership, driven by the elimination of high upfront capital expenditures and improved operational efficiency through elastic resource provisioning. Additionally, cloud-native features such as microservices, auto-scaling, and continuous deployment pipelines significantly enhance deployment reliability, interoperability, and system resilience. Security analysis indicates that cloud environments enable faster incident response and improved risk mitigation when supported by appropriate governance mechanisms. Overall, the findings confirm that cloud computing provides a robust and scalable foundation for modern healthcare data management, supporting efficient handling of large-scale datasets while maintaining performance, reliability, and economic sustainability. The study concludes that cloud-based platforms are well-positioned to play a central role in the future evolution of digital healthcare systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hira Nawaz, Usman Latif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL CLONING FOR COMMERCIAL BREEDING IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY
Animal cloning has emerged as a prominent biotechnological intervention within the commercial meat industry, often promoted as a solution to challenges related to productivity, environmental impact, and animal welfare. This study employs a mixed-methods experimental design to evaluate the ethical implications of animal cloning by integrating quantitative analyses of welfare, environmental efficiency, genetic diversity, and public health risk with qualitative normative ethical assessment. The results indicate that cloning-assisted systems can enhance production efficiency and reduce variability in output, yet these gains are accompanied by increased ethical concerns, including reduced genetic diversity, elevated indicators of chronic stress, and heightened systemic vulnerability. Environmental analyses reveal that while relative efficiency may improve, absolute ecological pressures persist, particularly as production scales. Integrated ethical performance scores demonstrate that utilitarian benefits are unevenly distributed and frequently offset by declines in recognition-based welfare and ecological integrity. The findings further suggest that cloning technologies tend to shift, rather than resolve, ethical burdens by reinforcing instrumental approaches to animal life and marginalizing broader questions of justice, governance, and moral legitimacy. Overall, the study concludes that animal cloning cannot be ethically evaluated through consequentialist metrics alone and underscores the necessity of incorporating eco-republican and recognition-based frameworks to assess the long-term societal and ecological consequences of biotechnological food production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nimra Sheikh, Hassan Mehmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE USE OF STEM CELL THERAPY IN TREATING DEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN HORSES AND OTHER COMPANION ANIMALS
Regenerative medicine has emerged as a transformative approach for managing chronic musculoskeletal disorders in veterinary medicine, particularly through the application of mesenchymal stem cell–based therapies. This study employed a mixed-methods experimental design to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in companion animals with naturally occurring degenerative musculoskeletal conditions. Quantitative clinical scores, imaging-derived regeneration indices, and longitudinal follow-up data were combined with qualitative functional assessments to comprehensively assess treatment outcomes. The results demonstrated significant and sustained improvements in musculoskeletal function, reduced disease severity, and enhanced tissue regeneration following stem cell administration. Early post-treatment assessments revealed rapid functional gains, while mid- and late-stage evaluations confirmed stabilization and long-term persistence of therapeutic benefits. Imaging analyses supported objective structural repair, aligning with observed clinical recovery patterns. Importantly, therapeutic responses were consistent across subjects with varying baseline severities, indicating broad applicability and reproducibility. The integration of clinical, imaging, and functional outcomes highlights the regenerative and immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells, suggesting a disease-modifying rather than purely symptomatic mechanism of action. These findings reinforce the translational value of companion animal models in regenerative medicine and support the advancement of mesenchymal stem cell therapies for both veterinary and human musculoskeletal disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Khalid, Muhammad Talha Asif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXAMINING THE ROLE OF ONE HEALTH APPROACH IN PREVENTING ZOONOTIC DISEASE TRANSMISSION ACROSS SPECIES
Zoonotic diseases pose an escalating global health threat driven by intensified interactions at the human–animal–environment interface. This study applied an experimental mixed-methods One Health framework to evaluate the integrated determinants of zoonotic disease risk across multiple regions. Quantitative analyses combined human disease incidence, animal reservoir prevalence, vector abundance, and environmental exposure indicators to model spillover dynamics, while integrative interpretations assessed the systemic implications of multisectoral interactions. The results revealed substantial regional variability in zoonotic burden, with higher human case rates consistently associated with elevated animal infection prevalence, increased vector density, and greater environmental risk scores. Hybrid and multivariate visualizations demonstrated synchronized trends among ecological disruption, vector expansion, and human infections, highlighting the synergistic nature of zoonotic drivers. Composite risk indices further confirmed that regions experiencing concurrent biological and environmental pressures face disproportionately higher spillover potential. These findings underscore the critical role of integrated surveillance, early warning systems, and coordinated governance in mitigating zoonotic threats. The study provides empirical support for the One Health approach as an effective strategy for understanding and managing zoonotic diseases by linking epidemiological, ecological, and animal health data within a unified framework. Strengthening cross-sector collaboration and data integration is essential for improving preparedness, reducing disease emergence, and enhancing global health resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irfan Ahmad, Sami Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FARMING ON SOIL HEALTH AND CROP YIELD IN COMPARISON TO CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
The increasing degradation of agricultural soils and environmental concerns associated with intensive conventional farming have intensified the need to explore sustainable alternatives. This study presents a mixed-method experimental comparison of organic and conventional farming systems to evaluate their impacts on soil health and crop yield performance. Field experiments conducted across multiple seasons assessed key soil physicochemical and biological indicators, including soil organic carbon, nutrient availability, microbial biomass, water-holding capacity, and soil quality index, alongside crop yield and yield stability metrics. The results indicate that organic farming significantly enhances soil biological activity, structural integrity, and nutrient cycling efficiency compared to conventional systems. Although conventional management occasionally achieved marginally higher short-term yields, organic systems demonstrated greater yield stability and resilience across seasons. Integrated analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between improved soil health and sustained crop productivity under organic management. The study also highlights the ecological benefits of organic farming, including increased biodiversity, reduced pest pressure, and lower environmental pollution risks. Overall, the findings suggest that organic farming provides substantial long-term agronomic and environmental advantages, supporting sustainable food production without compromising ecosystem health. The study contributes empirical evidence to the ongoing debate on the feasibility of organic agriculture as a cornerstone of sustainable and resilient global food systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zafar Aleem Suchal, Muhammad Shafique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN DESERT-ADAPTED REPTILIAN SPECIES
Reproductive success in desert-adapted reptilian species is fundamentally governed by intricate interactions between physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors. This study investigated six representative reptilian species—Uromastyx aegyptia, Scincus scincus, Acanthodactylus boskianus, Phrynosoma platyrhinos, Varanus griseus, and Chalcides ocellatus—across arid regions to evaluate how nest-site microclimates, incubation temperatures, and maternal behaviors influence embryonic development and hatchling outcomes. Field measurements of nest temperatures, soil moisture, and maternal activity were combined with controlled incubation experiments to assess hatching success, morphometrics, survival rates, and sex ratios. Results demonstrated that incubation at 32°C yielded the highest hatching success across all species, whereas 36°C significantly reduced viability and skewed sex ratios toward males due to temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Soil moisture was positively correlated with hatchling body mass, indicating a critical role of hydration in embryonic development. Species with higher maternal attendance scores, such as Varanus griseus, exhibited greater hatchling survival and nesting frequency, underscoring the role of behavioral investment. Statistical analyses confirmed that incubation temperature, microhabitat conditions, and behavioral factors were significant predictors (p < 0.05) of developmental outcomes. Collectively, these findings highlight the multifactorial adaptations desert reptiles employ to ensure reproductive success under extreme and variable conditions. The study provides novel insights into the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms sustaining reproduction in xeric environments and emphasizes the urgent need to consider microhabitat preservation in conservation planning, particularly under projected climate change scenarios.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTI-VEGF THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: A META-ANALYSIS
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness globally, necessitating effective therapeutic strategies. This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies in the treatment of DR, synthesizing data from randomized controlled trials involving agents such as bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept. A comprehensive literature search across PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library identified eligible studies comparing anti-VEGF interventions with sham, laser photocoagulation, or other pharmacologic treatments. The analysis revealed that anti-VEGF therapy significantly improved best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), with mean improvements ranging from 0.18 to 0.2 logMAR across studies. Central retinal thickness (CRT) reductions averaged over 100 µm, underscoring the anatomical efficacy of treatment. A substantial proportion of patients achieved meaningful vision gains, with ≥15 letters improvement in up to 50% of cases. Moreover, the safety profile of anti-VEGF agents was favorable, with low incidences of ocular (4–6%) and systemic (2–3%) adverse events. Subgroup analyses indicated that the type of anti-VEGF agent, dosing protocol, and baseline disease characteristics significantly influenced treatment outcomes. While the clinical benefits of anti-VEGF therapy are evident, challenges such as patient non-responsiveness and frequent injection requirements persist. Future directions include the development of nanoparticle-based delivery systems, combination therapies with corticosteroids or laser, and exploration of novel agents including plant-derived compounds. These findings affirm that anti-VEGF therapy constitutes a central component of evidence-based DR management and highlight the ongoing need for innovations that enhance efficacy, safety, and accessibility. This study provides critical insights to inform clinical decision-making and guide future research on optimizing DR treatment paradigms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Yar Mahsood , Abdul Ghaffar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPOST TEA FOR MANAGING SOIL-BORNE PLANT PATHOGENS IN VEGETABLE CROPS: A FIELD EVALUATION
Soil-borne plant pathogens pose a persistent challenge to sustainable vegetable crop production, leading to significant yield losses and environmental concerns due to overreliance on chemical pesticides. This study investigates the efficacy of compost tea, enriched with Trichoderma spp. and chitin, as a biocontrol solution for managing soil-borne diseases in tomatoes and capsicum under field conditions. Using a randomized complete block design, treatments included compost tea alone, compost tea with additives, chemical pesticides, and an untreated control. Results demonstrated a substantial reduction in disease incidence for Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora root rot, and Rhizoctonia damping-off, with the combined compost tea treatment achieving the lowest disease rates (as low as 9.6%). Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities (dehydrogenase and chitinase) were significantly enhanced in biologically treated plots, suggesting improved soil health. Yield and biomass measurements showed that crops treated with compost tea and additives outperformed those in control and chemically treated plots, with increases of up to 90% in crop yield and 75% in belowground biomass. Nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was also markedly improved. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed upregulation of key defense-related genes (PR1, PAL, and CHS), indicating the activation of induced systemic resistance in plants. A composite soil quality index confirmed the long-term ecological benefits of compost tea application. These findings confirm the potential of compost tea, especially when combined with microbial and organic additives, to serve as a sustainable and effective alternative to chemical pesticides for managing soil-borne diseases while simultaneously enhancing plant productivity and soil health. The study supports the integration of compost tea into holistic, eco-friendly crop management practices suitable for diverse agricultural systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Dilawaiz Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PREVALENCE AND RISK MAPPING OF MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS IN WILDLIFE NEAR CATTLE FARMS
The persistence of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, in wildlife reservoirs has been a serious obstacle in the elimination of the disease in cattle. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence and spatial distribution of M. bovis in wildlife near cattle farms through synthesis of field monitoring, genetic diagnostics, and geospatial risk mapping. We collected 384 wildlife (wild boars, deer, badgers, and small mammals) samples across 18 sites in three transnational ecosystems. The detection based on PCR revealed a prevalence of M. bovis in 17.2 of the samples, being the wild boars the most infected (23.6%). Risk mapping showed that the areas of cattle concentration and common water resources were also the infection hotspots mainly. The multivariate logistic regression model established that closeness to farms, common water points, and thick vegetation cover entailed high chances of infection (p < 0.05). Molecular typing showed that there were six M. bovis genotypes with SB0140 as the predominant one, and which was identified in both cattle and wildlife. Such findings indicate that wildlife and livestock populations have a close ecological and epidemiological relationship. The investigation highlights the urgent need of integrated, cross-sectoral control Hampering the spread of M. bovis between species and beyond national boundaries requires coherent, cross-sectoral control, including precision vaccination, habitat control, and One Health-oriented surveillance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Scientific Thought https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY IN STAGE IV NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER PATIENTS
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet therapeutic resistance remains a significant barrier. This study evaluated clinical, molecular, and imaging data from patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and combination regimens. Among the treatment groups, combination immunotherapy demonstrated the highest objective response rate (ORR) at 55% and the longest median overall survival (OS) of 21.3 months. Patients with high PD-L1 expression and elevated tumor mutational burden (TMB) showed superior clinical responses, while resistance was commonly associated with biomarkers such as STK11 loss, T-cell exclusion, and low PD-L1 expression. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs), such as pneumonitis and colitis, occurred in up to 12% of patients, but were generally manageable. Imaging modalities like PET/CT and molecular fluorescence were effective in differentiating pseudo-progression from true progression, improving treatment monitoring. A comprehensive analysis of resistance profiles revealed that 30–50% of patients experienced limited benefit from ICIs due to intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms. The study emphasizes the need for biomarker-guided therapy and suggests that integration of immunotherapy with chemotherapy or targeted agents may enhance outcomes. Furthermore, emerging next-generation immunotherapeutics and advanced imaging hold promise for more personalized, adaptive treatment strategies. These findings contribute to the evolving understanding of immunotherapy in NSCLC and support a precision medicine framework to optimize patient management and long-term survival.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jawad Ali , Sajjad Mehdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF OSTEOPOROSIS: UNDERSTANDING BONE RESORPTION AND FORMATION IMBALANCE
Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disorder driven by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, resulting in reduced bone mass and increased fracture risk. This study aimed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this imbalance by examining osteoblast and osteoclast activity in primary bone cells derived from osteoporotic and healthy individuals. Bone biopsy samples were subjected to gene and protein expression analyses, as well as functional assays to evaluate cellular behavior. Quantitative PCR revealed a marked upregulation of resorption-associated genes—RANKL, TRAP, and Cathepsin K—in osteoporotic samples, while key osteogenic markers such as ALP and OPG were significantly downregulated.The increased activity of osteoclasts became apparent through the elevation of both TRAP activity and resorption pit area while osteoblast functionality suffered from lower ALP activity along with diminished mineralisation capacity. Protein expression analysis using Western blot reflected the observed changes detected by functional tests. Analyses from multiple tests indicate osteoporotic people develop a bone remodelling environment which strengthens osteoclastic activity that results in decreased osteoblastic bone formation. The abnormal configuration of bone tissue accelerates natural bone resorption processes while disrupting the entire skeletal system balance. Strong evidence obtained from functional analysis with molecular data demonstrates that osteoporosis develops from cellular imbalance during bone remodelling instead of aging or hormonal change alone. These findings emphasize the requirement to direct therapeutic approaches at suppressing osteoclast activity while activating osteoblasts and establish ground for developing novel treatments that restore remodelling balance in patients with osteoporosis.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CARROT AND ONION EXTRACTS BIOPRIMING FOR ENHANCED GERMINATION AND STRESS TOLERANCE IN SEEDS
A study was conducted at the Department of Botany, Islamia University of Bahawalpur to estimate the effects of biopriming seeds with carrot and onion. There were five priming treatments vis a vis control (non-primed), hydropriming, carrot extract, onion extract, and a combination of carrot + onion extracts for 12 hours under both normal and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress conditions. Results revealed that biopriming significantly improved germination parameters compared to control. The amalgamated extract treatment showed the maximum germination percentage (85.7%) and least mean germination time (3.8 days). Seedling growth parameters i.e. shoot length (9.6 cm), root length (7.8 cm) and seedling vigor index (1207) were also expressively heightened by the joint extract treatment. Under PEG-induced stress, the amalgam again outperformed others, showing enhanced germination (72.3%), better root and shoot development, and maximum vigor index (774). These results suggest that carrot and onion extracts, predominantly in combination, can serve as operative biostimulants for improving seed performance and augmenting drought tolerance. This eco-friendly and cost-effective priming method offers auspicious potential for sustainable crop establishment under stress-prone environments.
EXPLORING THE MECHANISMS OF NEUROINFLAMMATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
Neuroinflammation has emerged as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigates the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and its role in disease progression, with a focus on glial cell activation, the inflammasome, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In vitro experiments utilizing microglial and astrocyte cell lines exposed to amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides and alpha-synuclein aggregates revealed a significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6), as well as oxidative stress and a reduction in cell viability. In vivo, transgenic mouse models of AD and PD exhibited impaired cognitive and motor function, corroborating the neuroinflammatory response observed in vitro. The research showed enhanced activation of microglia and astrocytes through elevated Iba-1 and GFAP expression in these animals using immunohistochemical analysis. A computational evaluation of RNA-sequencing human brain tissue data in neurodegenerative illnesses showed that inflammatory pathways included NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome. The research shows neuroinflammation functions through intricate mechanisms to advance disease establishment and indicates therapy approaches focusing on glial activation and inflammatory networks could help minimize neurodegenerative disease effects. This research reveals important information about neuroinflammation as a therapeutic target in AD and PD treatment and shows all the molecular pathways involved in the disease process.
INTEGRATED USE OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS TO OPTIMIZE GROWTH, NODULATION, AND YIELD OF GUAR
A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season to assess the integrated effect of organic and inorganic phosphorus fertilizers on the growth, nodulation, yield, and phosphorus uptake of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). The treatments included farmyard manure (FYM), single super phosphate (SSP), a combination of FYM + SSP (50% each), and rock phosphate (RP), along with a control. Results indicated that FYM + SSP significantly improved plant height, number of branches, nodulation, pod development, seed yield, and phosphorus uptake compared to other treatments. The highest seed yield (1520 kg/ha) and phosphorus uptake (9.2 mg/plant) were recorded with the combined FYM + SSP treatment, followed by SSP (1385 kg/ha) and FYM (1290 kg/ha). Phosphorus fertilization also enhanced soil nutrient status, with FYM + SSP showing the greatest increase in post-harvest phosphorus levels and soil organic matter (0.78%). The control exhibited nutrient depletion, highlighting the importance of phosphorus application for improving guar productivity. These findings suggest that an integrated approach of organic and inorganic phosphorus sources is highly effective in optimizing guar growth and yield, and it also benefits soil health through improved nutrient cycling.
MODULATING GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL TRAITS OF CABBAGE THROUGH POTASH FERTILIZATION
This study explores the potash fertilization impacts on the agronomic & physiological performance and nutrient uptake of cabbage. The controlled field experiment was conducted during the 2022-2023 growing season at the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, using five potash treatments: 0-200 mg L⁻¹ concentrations in water. Significant improvements in plant growth, yield and nutrition uptake with increasing potassium application rates was assessed in the results. At the application rate of 200 mg L⁻¹, plant height, leaf area and leaf count was enchanted by 58%, 37% and 41%, respectively, equated to the control. Moreover, fresh & dry weights and head diameter were suggestively enchanted with the peak values recorded at 200 mg L⁻¹. The application of potassium has also led to the increased nutrient uptake, specifically nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, while soil organic matter (SOM) content indirectly increased with increasing potassium application levels because of enhanced microbial activity and organic matter decomposition. This study emphasizes the prominence of potassium in enhancing crop productivity and soil health, offering valued insights for sustainable cabbage cultivation practices.
IMPROVING WHEAT GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY WITH FOLIAR AUGMENTATION OF POTASH
Potassium (K) is an indispensable macronutrient that regulates plant growth, improves stress tolerance and boosts crop yield. A pot culture research was conducted at the Agriculture Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, during the 2022–2023 growing season to estimate the special effects of foliar-applied potash (K₂O) on wheat growth and yield. Treatments comprised 0 (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% K₂O applied at the tillering and booting stages. Results showed that 3% K₂O significantly enhanced plant height (85.3 ± 2.1 cm), tiller count (4.5 ± 0.3 plant⁻¹), LAI (3.4 ± 0.2), chlorophyll content (46.7 ± 1.5 SPAD), photosynthetic rate (16.2 ± 0.5 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹), transpiration rate (4.5 ± 0.2 mmol H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹), stomatal conductance (0.35 ± 0.02 mol H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹), biomass accumulation (36.5 ± 1.8 g plant⁻¹), and grain yield (14.8 ± 0.9 g plant⁻¹). However, at 4% K₂O, insignificant reductions were experiential in some parameters, signifying that excessive potassium application may have antagonistic effects. The results indicate that 3% K₂O is the optimal concentration for improving wheat productivity under controlled conditions.
THE IMPACT OF BREAST CANCER TREATMENT ON FETAL BLOOD CIRCULATION: EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TUMORS IN BABIES
This study investigates the impact of maternal breast cancer treatments, specifically chemotherapy and radiation, on fetal blood circulation and the subsequent development of tumors in offspring. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating clinical data from pregnant women undergoing breast cancer treatment and laboratory experiments using animal models. The results demonstrated significant disruptions in fetal circulatory dynamics during and after maternal chemotherapy and radiation exposure, with marked reductions in blood flow during treatment and partial recovery thereafter. Additionally, elevated levels of tumor-associated biomarkers were observed in both maternal and fetal blood samples, suggesting a biological pathway linking treatment-induced circulatory alterations to tumor development.Experimental studies on animals demonstrated that chemotherapy and radiation treatment combined to create cardiovascular malformations along with organ abnormalities which later resulted in childhood cancers such as leukaemia and solid tumors in offsprings. The degree of foetal circulatory disturbances directly correlated with the dosage of chemotherapeutic medicines as indicated through statistical analysis which supported dose-dependent consequences. The findings match past research to explain how maternal cancer medications affect embryonic blood flow which leads to infant cancer development. The research study highlights the need for both extended health checks for children born to cancer patients and better clinical protocols and monitoring methods for expecting cancer patients. The research creates fundamental groundwork for following molecular studies examining linkages between maternal cancer treatments and higher risks of child cancer while establishing medical practice and community health standards.
OPTIMIZING WHEAT GROWTH EFFICIENCY WITH FOLIAR APPLICATION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID
Gibberellic acid (GA₃) is pivotal in promoting plant growth and improving yield components. A pot research was conducted at the Arid Zone Research Center, Dera Ismail Khan, during the 2022–2023 growing season to gauge the effects of foliar-applied GA₃ on wheat progression and yield. Treatments included 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L⁻¹ GA₃ applied at the tillering and booting stages. Results showed that 75 mg L⁻¹ GA₃ significantly enhanced plant height (90.5 cm), tiller count (4.8 plant⁻¹), LAI (3.7), chlorophyll content (49.5 SPAD), and grain yield (15.2 g plant⁻¹). However, at 100 mg L⁻¹ GA₃, slight reductions were observed in some parameters, suggesting that excessive application may have adverse effects. The findings indicate that 75 mg L⁻¹ GA₃ is the optimal concentration for improving wheat productivity under controlled conditions. Further research is needed to validate these results in field trials.
FARMYARD MANURE AND INORGANIC NITROGEN APPLICATION TO ENHANCE WHEAT YIELD AND HARVEST EFFICIENCY
The effeicient use of fertilization is a grave challenge of today’s agriculture. This pot trial composed of five treatments i.e., control, different synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and FYM applications was intended to estimate the impact of amalgam of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. The experiment was conducted at the Research Area of the Arid Zone Research Center, Dera Ismail Khan, during the 2022-2023 growing season. The results revealed that maximum grain yield and harvest indices (43.9 g/pot, 41.46%) was attained with 100% synthetic nitrogen fertilizer application, trailed meticulously by 75% fertilizer amalgamated with 2.5 t/ha FYM (41.5 g/pot, 40.46%). Straw and biological yields demonstrated similar trends, with significant increases in treatments receiving higher nitrogen levels. Statistical analysis inveterate momentous variances among treatments. The findings recommend that integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers boosts wheat yield and nutrient efficiency while potentially tumbling chemical fertilizer dependency. These results emphasize the significance of balanced fertilization strategies to optimize productivity and soil health under arid conditions.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD): CELLULAR MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a major global health concern characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the cellular mechanisms involved in the progression of NAFLD and evaluate potential therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory pathways. Using in vitro human hepatocyte cell models exposed to varying concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs), we observed a significant increase in triglyceride accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating the critical role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Analysis of gene expression revealed elevated levels of inflammation-related genes together with metabolic genes PPAR-α, NF-κB, and IL-6 that validated the metabolic dysregulation as well as inflammation found in this condition. The NAFLD mice underwent dietary intervention tests yielding liver tissue results indicating severe steatosis together with widespread fibrotic areas. A reduction in NF-κB signaling while activating autophagy functioned as therapeutic targets because this combination resulted in significant decreases of NAFLD-related tissue inflammation and fatty accumulations and fibrosis within the subject model. The findings show that NAFLD treatment becomes possible when medical professionals manage oxidative stress together with NF-κB and autophagy control systems to enhance NAFLD molecular pathway knowledge.